In this article, an electrochemical sensor in the form of a field effect transistor is designed and fabricated. This sensor is based on carbon nanoparticles grown between two metal electrodes. These nanoparticles have been synthesized by the electric arc discharge method in suitable environmental conditions and in different lengths from the decomposition of butane gas. Considering this set as a field effect transistor, its channel is always established and it is responsible for detecting the desired material. To check the correct functioning of the sensor, its sensitivity to different concentrations of saltwater was checked and the resistance diagram of the sensor as its electrical output was obtained in the presence of different concentrations of saltwater for different lengths of the channel.

The electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol was studied for the platinum nanoparticles/ functionalized carbon nanoparticles composites supported at the carbon-ceramic electrode (PtNPs/tosyl-CNPs/CCE) as an electrocatalyst in acidic medium. The PtNPs/tosyl-CNPs/CCE electrocatalyst was synthesized by electrodeposition of PtNPs on/in casted tosyl-CNPs at the CCE. The characterization of the fabricated nanocomposite was done by X-ray powder diFfraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The obtained electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. The results showed that the PtNPs/tosyl-CNPs/CCE was electrocatalytically more active than PtNPs/ CCE and had high anodic peak current densities, low onset potential, low poisoning and high stability. Hence, the proposed nanocomposite, PtNPs/tosyl-CNPs/CCE, can be extended as an attractive and promising electrocatalyst for the ethanol electrooxidation reaction in fuel cells.

carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained massive attention given their special and unique features including high surface area, suitable chemical and electrochemical stability, unique mechanical and electronic features, as well as unidimensional structure. Two groups of CNT-based hybrids that have received much attention include nanotube/metal nanoparticles and nanotube/oxide nanoparticles hybrids. There are two major methods for preparing such hybrids: (I) in situ formation of nanoparticles in the presence of nanotubes, (II) use of prefabricated nanoparticles and binding them to the nanotube surface. In the CNTs decoration, the aim is to deposit nanoparticles with adhesivity on the nanotubes surface and a suitable bonding should be established between these two materials. Meanwhile, to achieve a hybrid with improved properties, the initial nanotube features should be kept as much as possible. Three principal methods have been evaluated for CNTs decoration: (I) electrochemical deposition and electroless, (II) chemical deposition, and (III) physical deposition. In this study, the aim is to examine different methods of CNTs decoration and to present the mechanism of methods. For this purpose, different examples related to each method and the effective parameters have been evaluated and discussed. Likewise, recent advances in CNTs decoration with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have been explored in different applications.

Members of the 14-3-3 protein family are involved in many important cellular events, including stress response, survival and apoptosis. Genes of the 14-3-3 family are conserved from plants to humans, and some members are responsive to UV radiation. Despite the high rate of pollution generated by nano-pollutants, up to now their toxic effect on development is totally obscure. Embryos treated with carbon nanoparticles, RNA preparation, retrotranscription and quantitative real-time PCR. In response to carbon nano-particles exposure, the embryos collected 24 h later showed a 3, 07-fold at 5x1012 p and a 1, 58-fold at 2.5x1013 p and a 1, 92-fold at 2.5x1014 p increase in Pl14-3-3 transcript levels compared with controls. The Pl14-3-3 mRNA delocalization parallels the failure in archenteron elongation observed morphologically, as well as the lack of specific endoderm markers.Here, we report the isolation of the complete cDNA encoding the 14-3-3 epsilon isoform from Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos, referred to as P114-3-3e. P114-3-3e mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR during development and found to increase from the mesenchyme blastula to the prism stage. Our results confirm the involvement of 14-3-3e in the stress response elicited by carbon nano-particles.